Apenas 48 horas después de que el Tribunal de Justicia de la UE dictaminara la nulidad completa de las cláusulas suelo de la banca española (lo hizo el día 21 de diciembre), un juzgado de Primera Instancia de A Coruña hacía suyas esas conclusiones del auto de Luxemburgo. Y lo hacía para dictar la primera sentencia que se conoce en Galicia anulando por completo esa controvertida condición incorporada en miles de contratos hipotecarios, con retroactividad total para el cliente.
Su fallo, contra el Banco Popular, abre ahora la vía a que miles de gallegos en esa misma situación -se calculan unos 200.000 potenciales afectados, incluyendo los que han podido recuperar una parte- puedan seguir sus pasos y reclamar todo lo cobrado de más por diferentes entidades financieras.
La sentencia del juez sustituto Javier Fraga permitirá a un vecino de Oleiros recuperar el dinero que el Banco Popular le cobró de más durante años, aunque el fallo no entra en el detalle de cuánto habrá que devolver, más lo intereses y las costas; eso queda pendiente de la ejecución de una sentencia que es recurrible. El cliente en cuestión firmó el crédito en el 2009 con un suelo del 3,5 %; es decir, el tipo de interés (euríbor más el diferencial) nunca bajaría de esa cifra, aunque el euríbor siguiera bajando, como sucedió (está ahora en negativo). El magistrado considera que ese condicionante en el contrato -aunque está escrito de manera clara, apunta- es abusivo y desequilibrante entre las partes. Es un argumento similar al que se ha dado en otros cientos de sentencias contrarias a estas cláusulas suelo. Pero en su exposición añade un elemento nuevo: la retroactividad total, tomando en cuenta el nuevo dictamen europeo.
Hasta la fecha, aunque los jueces admitían en primera instancia esa nulidad, fijaban un período máximo de devolución: los bancos solo tenían que reintegrar lo cobrado irregularmente a partir del 9 de mayo del 2013, que era la fecha dictaminada por el Tribunal Supremo en una sentencia contra el BBVA, Novagalicia (la actual Abanca) y Cajamar.
El juez de A Coruña emitió su sentencia el 23 de diciembre, y en su exposición final recuerda el fallo de Luxemburgo de dos días antes, «que ha considerado que debe otorgarse la absoluta retroactividad», apunta. Y reproduce algunas de las conclusiones estipuladas desde Europa. La principal, que fijar una limitación temporal a la nulidad de la cláusula supondría «privar con carácter general a todo consumidor que haya celebrado antes de aquella fecha [9 de mayo del 2013] el derecho a obtener la restitución íntegra de las cantidades que haya abonado indebidamente». Es un palo al Supremo.
Lo que vendrá ahora
Sucede que, pese a esta sentencia de Luxemburgo, los bancos, por ahora, no se dan por aludidos y obligarán a los afectados a seguir pleiteando para recuperar el dinero. Alegan que hay que ir caso a caso para ver si la cláusula era abusiva, opaca, mal explicada… Que no se puede generalizar, y que el dictamen del alto tribunal europeo no afecta a todos (solo cita a BBVA y Popular).
«Los bancos siguen forzando a los afectados a acudir al juzgado para recuperar su dinero porque saben que muchos no se atreven a llegar a este punto, aunque se trata de un procedimiento judicial sencillo y con unas probabilidades de éxito altísimas», explica Iria Aguete, de Reclamador.es, agencia que está detrás de esta sentencia pionera en Galicia y que se suma a otras dictadas en los últimos días en Baleares, Oviedo, Barcelona o Madrid, en el mismo sentido.
El TSXG descarta, por ahora, reforzar los juzgados gallegos ante un posible aluvión de demandas
Los bancos, en privado, y los abogados, en público, admiten que en las próximas semanas habrá un aluvión de demandas ante la anulación completa de la cláusula suelo en las hipotecas
por parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE. Pero «de momento» no se prevé un refuerzo de los juzgados gallegos -casi todos van a los de primera instancia- ante este caso, según explican fuentes oficiales del Tribunal Superior de Xustiza de Galicia.
Lo cierto es que el asunto «aunque se sigue muy de cerca, se está vigilando» no se ha abordado por un motivo: aún es pronto para advertir la dimensión que tendrá el caso finalmente. Se estima que hay unos 200.000 gallegos que podrían acudir a la Justicia para reclamar todo el dinero que les cobraron de más los bancos por esa cláusula. En esa cifra se cuentan unos 90.000 de la antigua Novagalicia Banco que ya recuperaron una parte cuando su cláusula fue anulada parcialmente por el Supremo en mayo del 2013. Hay dudas sobre si estos clientes podrían volver a reclamar ante un caso ya juzgado.
El TSXG está también a la espera de ver si finalmente la banca -a instancias del Gobierno, que quiere promover un código voluntario de adhesión- accede a un acuerdo extrajudicial para reintegrar el dinero. El Consejo de Ministros iba a abordar ese asunto en su última cita del 2016, pero lo pospuso por falta de acuerdo con el PSOE.
También se aguarda a que haya algún pronunciamiento de algún otro órgano judicial (se espera una reunión del Supremo para las próximas semanas) que aclare qué se hará; o si alguna entidad financiera decide que da una respuesta propia para sus clientes afectados.
A mediados del 2013, los juzgados gallegos de Vigo y de A Coruña se reforzaron con una sala específica para poder atender los casos de afectados por las participaciones preferentes. Se tuvieron que habilitar salas específicas durante año y medio, atendiendo más de 3.000 casos, los que quedaron fuera del arbitraje que evitaba tener que ir al juzgado.
Fuente: LaVozdeGalicia
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